After Effects
After Effects is a video editing and staging software produced by Adobe, used in the post-production process of filmmaking.
It was originally created by David Simons, David M. Cotter, David Herbstman, Daniel Wilk, and Russell Belfer and released in 1993. It allows users to achieve cinematographic special effects of a quality and degree of sophistication that was previously reserved for professional cinema studios.
After Effects can be used for tracking, compositing, keying, and animation.
It is frequently used with video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere. In 2019, the software won an Academy Award for scientific and technical achievement.
Compétences tech
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- Agile Agile is a methodology and combination of practices linked to a new approach to software development. The goal is to keep the processes lean and ensure better collaboration between teams where everyone works towards the same objective. Short cycles, iterative and incremental delivery and continuous feedback are some important elements of this mindset. An Agile Manifesto was created in 2001 and describes the four important fundamentals of this method: individuals and interactions over processes and tools; working software over comprehensive documentation; customer collaboration over contract negotiation; and responding to change over following a plan.
- AJAX AJAX stands for “Asynchronous JavaScript and XML”. It is a computer architecture that combines JavaScript requests such as XMLHttpRequest, DOM manipulation, and a specific type of data format (JSON or XML). The purpose of this technology is to build web applications and interactive and dynamic websites by using different open technologies available on most browsers. A great benefit of AJAX is that it allows users to download data without having to reload the page. Jess James Garret introduced this term in 2005 in an article. Its competitors are systems such as Flash, Silverlight, JavaFX, and XForms.
- Android Android is an open-source mobile operating system (OS). It was initially developed by Android Inc., which Google acquired, unveiling Android in 2007. It is primarily designed for touchscreen mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets computers. Android is the most used mobile OS since 2011, and supports the greatest number of smartphone applications. It was first developed using Java and now can be written in Kotlin, Java, and C++. The code is open-source, meaning that everybody can download the software development kit and develop mobile applications using Android.
- AngularJS AngularJS is a front-end open-source JavaScript framework, developed and maintained by Google. It was created as a side project by two developers, Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons, in 2009. It allows users to extend HTML attributes through directives and to add data to HTML with expressions. As a result, it is possible to use HTML for web applications and not only static documents. AngularJS simplifies application development and testing by providing a framework for commonly used components in internet applications. One of its advantages is its MVC (Model View Control) architecture which combines modules automatically. AngularJS is one of the most widely-used JavaScript frameworks worldwide.
- C C is a compiled computer language with low-level static code, widely used for its efficiency. It was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, and intended for use in a UNIX operating system. C was initially created to overcome the problems of previous languages (such as B, BCPL, etc.). It is the most-used older programming language, and is known as mother language because it constitutes the base for many other programming languages. C is largely utilised for developing desktop applications and browsers and their extensions. It is simple, portable, and quick, and has a rich library. Most of Adobe’s applications are developed using C.
- C++ C++ is a general-purpose and object-oriented programming language derived from C. It was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983 while working for AT&T Bell Research Labs. C++ is used for developing operating systems, compilers, editors and databases. Server-side applications, games, and networks are included in its program. It is among the most popular programming languages currently in use. The advantages of C++ are its portability, compatibility with C and its scalability. Additional advantages are its large support community and the high degree of control it allows its users. C++ is operational on many platforms such as Mac, Linux or Windows.
- CSSCSS (or Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language that describes how elements are displayed in a document. It is used to format and style web pages and can therefore be used to code wireframes. It separates the content from its presentation, allowing you to style applications and control the fonts, text, colors, backgrounds, margins, and layout. CSS is one of the cornerstones of front-end web development, alongside HTML and JavaScript. It organises and simplifies web code, improving the load time of web pages. One great feature is that it can be used in tandem with any XML-based markup language, not only HTML.
- Google AnalyticsGoogle Analytics is a statistical tool which allows every website administrator to analyse their audience. It is one of the most popular digital analytics software currently in use. It is a free service offered by Google and was set up by the company in March 2005. Google Analytics uses a JavaScript code to extract information from websites. This, in turn, allows users to analyse in-depth details about the visitors to their websites. The main advantages of this tool are that it is completely free of charge, it provides information about how your visitors locate your website, and it identifies which pages and links your visitors click the most.
- HTMLHTML is the abbreviation of “Hypertext Markup Language” and is the standard markup language for web pages. The physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented this internet-based hypertext system in 1990. HTML code allows one to produce electronic documents and pages that are visible on the web. Markup is used by HTML to annotate text, content, and images in a web browser and tags such as “<” and “>” delineate HTML elements and allow them to appear on the page. HTML’s extension files are .htm or .html. HTML5 is known as the new generation of HTML and performs better in terms of control and interactivity.
- iOSiOS (or iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system, created by Apple in 2007 and used exclusively by its devices. It is the second most popular device operating system worldwide. Originally designed for the iPhone, it has since been extended to support other Apple mobile devices, such as the iPad and iPod. iOS allows Apple’s users to interact with their devices via a multi-touch interface. iOS apps can be developed in Objective-C and Swift. The advantages of iOS are its high security, its low fragmentation, and the quality of the user interface.
- JavaJava is a programming language developed by James A. Gosling in the 1990s. Java programs bear some similarities to those developed with C++ though they have diverging design goals. One of its benefits is that it can be run on different operating systems (Linux, Windows, and macOS). The characteristics of this language are as follows: it is easy to use (and learn), distributed, and high-performance. Java is developed to be architecture-neutral and portable. It is known to be extremely secure, and is designated by some as the most secure programming language that currently exists.
- JavaScriptJavaScript, often referred to by its abbreviation JS, is a lightweight dynamic scripting programming language. JavaScript was created 20 years ago and allows users to develop embedded applications, mobile applications, and TV-sets apps, among others. Many websites are developed in JavaScript, which was first implemented in web browsers. This programming language is composed of dynamic typing, prototype-based object orientation, and first-class functions. It is a front-end technology and should not be confused with Java, which is used for back-end programming. The two can, however, be complementary. JavaScript’s advantages include a high level of interactivity, immediate feedback to the visitor, and less server interaction.
- jQueryjQuery is a widely-used JavaScript library that addresses a number of common web application writing needs. It allows HTML document traversing and simplifies event handling, animating, and Ajax interactions. Overall, this allows for speedy web development (jQuery's motto is: “Write less, do more”). jQuery harmonises many browser-specific features, providing a solid foundation for developing. Furthermore, this makes it much more convenient and achievable to create applications on all browsers. The main advantages of jQuery are how easy it is to learn and its small size when compared to other JavaScript frameworks. Additionally, it has a large range of plugins available for various specific needs.
- KotlinKotlin is a statically-typed, multiplatform language capable of interoperating with Java. It was developed by JetBrains in 2011 and is sponsored by Google. It was designed for the JVM and Android. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java; both Kotlin and Java files can coexist in Android apps, and the former can be used to expand existing Java apps. The advantages of Kotlin are its conciseness (compared to Java), its safety, the reduction of errors and bugs in the code and the increased support it offers for functional programming. Additionally, it is easy to learn, particularly for Java developers.
- .NET.NET is a framework created by Microsoft that consists of a common runtime language and its own class library (FCL, Framework Class Library). With .NET it is possible to use multiple languages, editors, and libraries to create applications for the web, mobiles, desktops, gaming, and IoT. .NET apps can be written in F#, C#, or Visual Basic. Its applications can be deployed on macOS, Windows, and Linux with the help of frameworks. It offers additional advantages in terms of security and code accuracy. .NET is popular in the gaming industry since it was introduced to the Unity 3D gaming engine.
- Node.jsNode.js is an open-source development platform. It is used for executing JavaScript code server-side, making it easier to build scalable network applications. Node.js relies on an event-driven architecture which allows asynchronous I/O, meaning that it is non-blocking. As such, it is often used for various real-time applications, such as news feeds, chats, and web push notifications. Node.js applications are written in JavaScript, and can be run on different operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. Node.js allows JavaScript to be used server-side.
- PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed in 1987 by two brothers, Thomas and John Knoll. It was published by Adobe Inc. for Windows and macOS. It is designed for creating and editing photos or raster-based art. Today, Photoshop is the most widely used photo editing and image manipulation application in the world. Web designers and image editors are among its main users. It can be used to design products, advertisements, apps, websites, art and more. Photoshop is useful in the field of professional web designing, architecture, photography, medicine, and forensics.
- PHPPHP (or Hypertext Preprocessor) is a general-purpose programming language that can be embedded into HTML code. It was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 and was originally designed for web development. Its purpose is to allow web developers to write dynamic web applications quickly and easily. Among its advantages are its ease of use, speed and stability. Due to its large open-source community and variety of applications, PHP and its extensions continue to be used by small sites and large organisations (such as Facebook) alike.
- PythonPython is a programming language created by Guido Van Rossum – its Benevolent Dictator for Life – in the 1980s. It is known to be a high-level language, meaning it is similar to a natural human language, and can be used for a large variety of software applications. Python is available in open source and, like Perl or Ruby, is used to create web applications and dynamic web content. It is primarily used for Web Development, Data Science, and Scripting. Django and Flask are popular web frameworks that are based on this language. Youtube, Google Search and BitTorrent are examples of companies that have all used Python as a programming language in their development.
- R ProgrammingR is a programming language and free software environment that is used for statistical computing, and manipulating and visualising data. It was developed in 1993 by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka. R is capable of performing various statistical calculations and graphical designs. This includes linear and nonlinear modeling, standard statistical tests, time series analysis, classifications, and groupings. It is highly extensible, and has a very active community that frequently contributes to new packages. R is most popular among statisticians, data analysts, and researchers. Due to its ease of use, it has grown more popular in recent years.
- ReactReact (React.js or ReactJS), released in 2013, is a popular JavaScript library. It was developed by Facebook and designed for highly interactive single-page applications (SPAs). It is a front-end library, specifically focused on building dynamic and highly-responsive user interfaces for web applications. Reactis optimal for fetching quickly-changing data that needs to be recorded. As such, it is used as a base for the development of mobile or single-page applications. Unlike AngularJS, it uses one-way data flow, making code stable. This feature makes React a fairly popular front-end programming language.
- SAP ERPSAP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system developed by the company of the same name in 1992. It consists of multiple modules, including, among others: Financial Accounting (FI), Sales & Distribution (SD), Material Management (MM), Production Planning (PP), Asset Accounting (AA), Human Resources (HR). The data collected from these allows companies to track customer and business interactions. This helps companies to meet their business objectives. SAP ERP is the favored tool among multinational companies because of its high quality.
- SEOSEO (or Search Engine Optimisation) is the action of improving the quantity and quality of website traffic by increasing the visibility of a website on search engine results pages (SERP). The goal is to gain exposure via “organic” – meaning non-paid – search engine results. Some SEO techniques include, for example, the optimisation of the content to increase shareability, creating links to authority sites, creating own keywords, publishing content with at least 1’800 words, etc. SEO requires understanding search engines, but also people and how they search and what they search for.
- SQLSQL is the abbreviation of “Structured Query Language” and refers to a domain-specific language used to communicate with data in a relational database management system. SQL was developed in the 1970s by Donald Chamberlin and Raymond Boyce at IBM. Oracle developed the first commercialised version. MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, and MS SQL server are some examples of databases than use SQL. Clauses, predicates, expressions, queries and statements are subdivided languages that structure SQL. It belongs to the same family of languages as SEQUEL, QUEL and QBE.
- SwiftSwift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language. It was created by Apple Inc. in 2014 for the development of its varied operating systems: macOS, tvOS, iOS, and watchOS. It is designed to work with much of the existing Objective-C (ObjC) code for Apple products, as well as Apple’s frameworks. Key concepts that it supports include dynamic routing, generalised late constraints, and extensible scheduling. Swift is said to be very secure and its features prevent common programming errors. Though it was initially a proprietary language, version 2.2 was made open-source software in 2015.
- UI / UXUI (user interface) is everything a user interacts with when using a digital product or service. It encompasses many things: not only screens and touchscreens, but also keyboards, sounds, lights. The UI determines how a product’s surfaces look and function. UX (user experience) design arose out of UI, as it soon became important to shape how users could interact with the UI. The goal of UX design is to make it intuitive and easy for a user to operate a system in the intended way. If UI helps users achieve certain goals, then UX determines their experience along the way.
- AR & VR AR is the abbreviation for Augmented Reality. This describes the interactive experience of a real-world environment that is enhanced with computer-generated graphics. Digital content is “added on” to the real world and made visible via different tools. This can be a screen, augmented reality smart glasses, or smartphones that have augmented reality applications. Some famous examples of AR are, for example, Snapchat filters or the Pokémon Go game. Augmented Reality is not to be confused with Virtual Reality (VR). In the latter, projected environments made with images, sounds, and other sensations create a completely immersive experience thanks to computer technology. VR is often accessible thanks to virtual reality headsets, such as Oculus Rift.
- Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI or machine intelligence) is the simulation of intelligent behaviour in computers, or the capacity of a machine to demonstrate intelligent human processes. These processes include problem-solving, learning (acquiring new information and rules for how to use it), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), speech recognition, and self-correction. In a nutshell, Artificial Intelligence refers to a system’s ability to analyse its environment, learn from it, and use that information to achieve its goals successfully. AI characterises many technologies we use today, such as Siri (the personal assistant on Apple devices), Alexa (the virtual assistant by Amazon), and even Netflix (a media-services provider).
- Avaloq Avaloq is a software system used for core banking, financial services, digital banking and digital wealth management. The software was created in 1985 in Switzerland and is used by more than 150 banks around the world. Today, some 4,500 billion client assets are managed with Avaloq. There are different services proposed by Avaloq such as ready-to-bank SaaS, ready-to-operate BPaaS and a third-party solution marketplace. It is reputed to have a high level of data security; to guarantee the security of the platform, the company outsources tech firms in Israel to perform penetration testing on their product.
- Bash Bash (also known as Bourne Again Shell) is a sh-compatible command language interpreter. It is a language that provides a user interface for certain operating systems. It also incorporates some features from the Korn and C shells. Bash was written by Brian Fox and was first released in 1989 as an improvement of and replacement for the Bourne shell. It runs in a text window where users can type commands that will result in actions. Bash is particularly useful for Linux users, as it is the default login shell for most Linux distributions.
- Blockchain Blockchain is a technology for the storage and transmission of information; it is transparent and secure, and functions without a central control organ. This makes it difficult to hack as the data is located in millions of places simultaneously. It can be used in almost any product that requires some sort of record-keeping or database management. While it was initially used for Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, blockchain has now been implemented in several industries including finance, real estate, and health. The advantages of this technology are its stability and security.
- Bootstrap Bootstrap is a very popular HTML, CSS, and JavaScript framework made for mobile-first frontend web development. It was invented at Twitter, by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton, and released in 2011. With its many HTML and CSS-based design templates, it focuses on simplifying and accelerating the development of informative web pages. Bootstrap is tested in and compatible with the major modern browsers (Safari, Google Chrome, Firefox, etc). It is very easy to set up, and does not require in-depth knowledge of HTML or CSS. Additionally, it is fully customisable, and has a large community composed of its users.
- C# C# (pronounced “C Sharp”) is an object-oriented programming language used to create applications that run on the .NET Framework. It was developed by Microsoft in 2000 by Anders Hejlsberg (the designer of TypeScript) and his team. C# is similar to Java, and has strong programming features. It can be used to create a variety of applications, such as web sites, development tools, and even compilers. C# is also used in game development via the Unity 3D game engine. Some strengths of C# are that it is easy to learn, modern, structured, and can be compiled on many different computer platforms.
- Cloud Applications Cloud applications are applications that are programmed in such a way that the data storage is processed in the cloud. A cloud application generally falls into one of three categories: Saas – Software as a Service; IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service; and PaaS – Platform as a Service. Some of the advantages of cloud applications are as follows: they are less expensive to maintain as it is not necessary to have your own servers; they have a better accessibility as it is possible to access the applications through different machines.
- CMS CMS is the abbreviation for Content Management System. CMS is a tool that allows users to create, update and publish content on a website without needing to touch the source code. WordPress, Blogger, Joomla, Drupal, and Wix are examples of well-known CMS tools. There are three types of CMS software: open-source, proprietary and Software as a Service. CMS allows non-coders to publish elements on websites even if they do not possess technical knowledge. There are additional advantages to using CMS tools, such as greater autonomy, an account that can be used by different publishers, and cost reduction.
- COBOL COBOL is the acronym for “common business-oriented language” and was first released in 1959. It is a computer programming language created for business, finance, and administrative systems. It is used in particular for business applications that run on large computers. COBOL is quite wordy: its programs are extremely complex and the average size of a module is composed of 600 lines of code – compared to Java where it is 30 lines. ISO/IEC 1989:2014 defines the syntax and semantics of COBOL. This language is still very much in use in big companies and financial institutions.
- Content Strategy Content Strategy is the planning, development and management of content in order to achieve specific business requirements. One of the main goals is to create content that engages people on social media or websites. Content can include articles, images, video or multimedia. It is important to consider the target audience, the goals the content should achieve, and metrics (how to measure its success). Content strategy can be split into 5 phases, as follows: audit and analysis; defining a strategy; planning the content in an editorial content calendar; creating the content; and measuring and maintaining the results.
- CRM CRM is the abbreviation of Customer Relationship Management. CRM systems help users manage customer data and define the interaction with current and prospective clients. Using a CRM tool will help improve a company’s business relations. Among the best-known solutions proposed are the following: Salesforce, SugarCRM, or Really Simple Systems. There are three types of CRM systems: operational CRM, Analytical CRM, and Collaborative CRM. They can manage data related to a company’s customers, suppliers, prospects, colleagues, and even social media, and the interactions with each.
- Data Analysis Data analysis is a process of treating raw data with the goal of extracting useful information in order to form conclusions and support decision-making. A variety of statistical techniques can be used to interpret, describe, represent, evaluate, and organise data. Data analysis involves logical and analytical reasoning to examine each component of the collected data. The main types of data analysis are data mining (discovering patterns in large data sets, such as in Business Intelligence), statistical analysis, diagnostic analysis (identifying the causes of data patterns), predictive analysis (for predicting future outcomes), and prescriptive analysis (which combines different analyses to influence decision-making).
- Data Mining Data Mining is a term frequently used in Computer Science. It refers to the analysis of large data sets using methods that combine machine learning, statistics, artificial intelligence, and database systems. As such, it is considered an interdisciplinary process. The goals of data mining are to extract information (patterns, knowledge) from a dataset and structure it for further use. The information gained from data mining can be used to increase revenue, improve customer relations, cut costs, reduce risks, etc. As such, it contributes to business value creation. Data mining techniques are constantly evolving and improving.
- Data Modeling Data modeling is the process of creating data models for data to be stored in a database. It is the first step in database design, and highly conceptual. It describes not only the data contained in the database, but also the relationships between the data items, and the constraints on the data. Data modeling can have many applications, but is mainly used to express a company’s business requirements. There are three main types of data models: conceptual (defining what the system will contain); logical (defining how the system should be implemented, developing rules and data structures); and physical (describing how the system will be implemented). Some of the most known data modeling tools are draw.io , Lucidchart, Squirrel SQL client, and MySQL Workbench.
- DevOps DevOps (development and operations) is a combination of practices that brings together software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops). The goal is to shorten the development life cycle and ensure continuous delivery with high software quality. DevOps was founded in Belgium in 2009. DevOps is based on the idea of creating a culture with better collaboration between the teams. It involves many different processes and sets of tools (“toolchains”), such as coding, building, testing, packaging, releasing, configuring, and monitoring. DevOps teams implement certain agile practices, and are thought by some to contribute to more engaged teams.
- Django Django is a Python-based free and open-source web application framework. It was created in 2003 by Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison. The slogan of Django is “the framework for perfectionists with deadlines” because of the ease of programming it ensures. It allows users to implement existing modules and therefore focus their time and energy on developing new components. Django runs on many operating systems, including Windows, iOS, and Linux. Additionally, it provides an ORM (object-relational mapper), allowing the migration of applications to other databases with little difficulty.
- Docker Docker is an open-source software that makes it easier to create and run applications by delivering software in discrete packages called containers. This allows the applications to run on any Linux machine despite any customised settings it may have. It was developed by Solomon Hykes at the PaaS company dotCloud. The alternatives to Docker are OpenStack, Packer, or Vagrant. Docker’s strengths are the following: it is easy to install, the applications are isolated, and the productivity of developers is better. Additionally, it is easier to migrate and manage the applications.
- Drupal Drupal is a free and open-source CMS framework. It is written in PHP and was released in 2000. The name of this software originates from the Dutch word “druppel”, meaning “droplet”. Drupal is a tool that can be used by programming beginners and experts alike. It exists in three broad formats: Drupal for developers, Drupal for Marketers, and Drupal for agencies. The types of websites that can use Drupal include blogs, personal or corporate websites, portals, ecommerce sites, intranets, and social networking sites. A great feature of Drupal is that it can be customised and expanded via many available modules.
- Elasticsearch Elasticsearch is an open-source search and analytics engine, based on the Lucene library. It is adapted for all types of data, be it textual, geospatial, numerical, structured, or unstructured. It is the core component of the Elastic Stack, a set of open-source data tools. Elasticsearch was created by Shay Banon and released in 2010. It is very fast and scalable, and capable of indexing many types of content; this makes it well adapted for different types of search (application, website, and enterprise search), for business analytics, security analytics, geospatial data analysis and visualisation, and more.
- Final Cut Pro Final Cut Pro is a video editing software for Apple’s macOS. It was originally developed by Macromedia INC. and then bought by Apple, who continued its development. Final Cut Pro allows users to edit everything from digital video, IMX and uncompressed SD, to HDV, XDCAM HD, DVCPRO HD, and uncompressed HD. It is designed for video editing professionals, in contrast to iMovie, a video editing application by Apple intended for beginners. The advantages of Final Cut Pro are its superior HD video capability, multi-channel audio, multi-channel video, and easy pro-level transitions. Additionally, it has a large number of available plug-ins.
- Go Go (or Golang) is a compiled and static open-source programming language. It was invented by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson at Google in 2009. Go’s initial purpose was to solve “Google-sized” problems. Go is particularly useful for projects that involve distributed networks, cloud services, and other complex back-end technologies. Also, it offers memory security and simultaneous programming functions as well as a reliable package system. The advantages of Golang include its rapidity, its cross-platform use, its garbage collection and the fact that it keeps the bugs away.
- Groovy Groovy (also called Apache Groovy) is a programming language for the Java platform. It is both static and dynamic, and shares some features with Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk. It can also be used as a scripting language for the Java platform. Groovy is extremely compatible with other Java code and libraries. Because of its easy-to-learn syntax, it is intended to improve developer productivity. It offers features such as DSL support, closures, and dynamic typing. Groovy is not a replacement for Java, but is rather designed to complement to it.
- Growth Hacking Growth hacking is a relatively new field of marketing that comprises a number of strategies that focus only on growth. It is mainly used in relation to early-stage start-ups, as they are usually seeking a lot of growth in a limited amount of time and on a small budget. The goal of growth hacking is to gain a maximum of users or customers while spending minimally. This typically involves using creative, low-cost alternatives to traditional marketing. As such, growth hackers often rely on the use of social media, viral marketing, or targeted advertising. These are generally free, in contrast to paid advertising and traditional media (radio, television, printed press).
- Hadoop Hadoop comprises a collection of open-source software tools that allow users to solve complex problems. It does so by using a network of many computers to process massive amounts of data and computation. It was released by Yahoo in 2008. This project is led by Apache Software, and is one of the first free and generally accessible big-data approaches. Hadoop has the ability to store and quickly process large amounts of data. Because of its distributed computing model and many thousands of node clusters, it has very high processing power. Additionally, it is flexible (data can be stored without pre-processing), and fault-tolerant (the distributed computing system does not fail if a node goes down).
- Hibernate Hibernate is a free and open-source software programmed in Java. It was created by Red Hat, Inc. in 2001, and is an object-relational mapping (ORM) tool for the Java programming language. Hibernate provides a framework that allows users to map an object-oriented model to a relational database. Some of its advantages are that it maps Java classes to database tables via XML files (meaning no code writing is required), it provides simple APIs to store and retrieve Java objects from the database, and it can operate without an application server. The main databases that Hibernate supports are DB2, Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Sybase, or SQL Server.
- Hootsuite Hootsuite is a social media management tool. It allows users to keep track of and manage many social network channels simultaneously, such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Youtube, WordPress blogs, and more. Users can even track what others are saying about their brand, and use Hootsuite to respond to them immediately. Hootsuite exists as a web application and as mobile apps, meaning that it is compatible with a number of devices and operating systems. It greatly simplifies a social media manager’s role, as it allows not only curating content, scheduling posts, and measuring ROI, but also managing team members.
- Hubspot HubSpot, founded in 2006, is a cloud-based software platform that combines sales, marketing, and CRM functionalities. It is referred to as an “all-in-one marketing software” because of the variety of tools it provides. It is focused on inbound marketing, which seeks to attract customers by creating valuable and relevant content. HubSpot is very useful for businesses because it centralises many of their tools and processes with its CMS. Additionally, while a company’s entire website can be built on HubSpot, it can also be integrated into a company’s existing website.
- Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editing software developed by Adobe Inc. in 1985. It was originally designed for the Apple Mac. Because it is vector-based, the images it produces are scalable, meaning there is no loss in quality regardless of size. This also results in better prints, compared to Photoshop, which creates raster graphics. This makes Illustrator a great choice when creating graphics such as logos, cartoons, and fonts. One drawback of Illustrator is that it cannot easily modify existing images as it provides a limited number of filters and editing tools.
- InDesign Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing and typesetting software application, developed by Adobe Systems. InDesign is a vector-based program, meaning that it maps artwork on a mathematical grid. As a result, the artwork is scalable, meaning that it is possible to resize the file as small or as large as you want without losing the quality of the picture or making it grainy. It can be used to create designs for brochures, posters, newspapers, flyers, presentations, magazines, books and ebooks. Production artists and graphic designers are the principal users, creating and laying out posters, print media, and periodical publications.
- Jira Jira is a free tool that tracks bugs and issues in software, and can be used for agile project management. It was developed in Java by an Australian company called Atlassian. The software can be deployed on the server of a company. Among the features of Jira tools, you will find the following: greater visibility during the development phase of your software; better prioritisation of tasks throughout development; increased productivity; the possibility to track the time spent on each task; and the generation of reports on tasks. Three different packages can be found: Jira Core, Jira Software, Jira Service Desk.
- Kafka Kafka is an open-source stream-processing platform written in Java and Scala. It was developed by LinkedIn in 2011 and subsequently donated to the Apache Software Foundation. In essence, Kafka is a data store that ingests and processes massive amounts of data generated by thousands of data sources. As such, it can be used to build real-time streaming applications, such as Uber, managing passenger and driver matches. Kafka can also be used to process and mediate communication between two separate applications. It is still used in various real-time services on LinkedIn.
- LabVIEW LabVIEW stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. It is a development environment and platform for the visual programming language G (not to be confused with G-code). Essentially a user interface for G, it was developed by National Instruments in 1986. LabVIEW helps visualise every part of an application, and enables different elements to be linked to provide the required flow. LabVIEW has other functions as well, such as debugging, hardware management, and automated multithreading. It is commonly used by engineers to test the products that they design and manufacture (either in manufacturing tests or to validate product design).
- Laravel Laravel is a PHP web framework that is free and open-source. It is particularly useful for creating web applications, ranging from small to enterprise-level. It was developed by Taylor Otwell in 2011 and designed to include features that other frameworks were missing, such as built-in support for user authentication and authorisation. Laravel has an expressive and elegant syntax, and is intended to make web application development a pleasant experience. It does so by easing common tasks in web projects, such as routing, sessions, and caching.
- Lightroom Adobe Lightroom is a set of photo editing software developed by Adobe Systems. It allows users to import, view, organise, tag, edit, share, and find images. Therefore, it combines photo editing and photo management in one tool. It is written in C++ and was first released in 2007. Lightroom has some of the same features as Photoshop. Because it allows you to organise your raw photos as you import them, it is especially useful at the beginning of the image management process. Among Lightroom’s advantages is its ease of use, and the fact that it is non-destructive, meaning it saves edits automatically.
- Linux Linux is a very popular open-source operating system written in C. In fact, it is currently the most-used OS. Because it is open-source, Linux’s code is available for users to view and edit, and even contribute to. This makes it highly customisable (selecting applications, word processors, web browsers, and even core components, such as system display graphics). It was released in 1991, and was meant to be similar to Unix, an earlier operating system. Linux is very popular because of its customisability, and the fact that it is secure and has a large support community.
- Magento Magento is an open-source e-commerce platform that was originally developed in 2008 by Varien Inc. It is written in PHP and is one of the most popular e-commerce systems currently in use. The platform includes various functionalities (such as marketing, search engine optimisation, and catalog-management), and allows users to build a flexible shopping cart system in several languages and on multiple devices. Additionally, with Magento, users can control the look, content, and functionality of their online shop. A great benefit of Magento is that it was intended for non-developers, making it is easy to use.
- MailChimp MailChimp is a complete and accessible email marketing tool. It allows users to manage mailing lists, create emails and/or newsletters, schedule campaigns and analyse the subsequent results. The software was created in 2001 by Ben Chestnut, Mark Armstrong and Dan Kurzius. MailChimp allows one to create and import a list of contacts. It is also possible to create newsletters thanks to templates that are available on the platform. A great feature of MailChimp is that it generates click maps that show which parts of an email subscribers engaged with the most, helping users improve their emails by providing more relevant content.
- Marketo Marketo is a marketing SaaS (Software as a Service) platform, created in 2006 by Phil Fernandez. It was created to help with various marketing tasks and increase companies' understanding of their customers. It helps organisations personalise marketing campaigns, automate and measure marketing engagement, workflows, and tasks. The services offered are the following: email marketing, lead management, consumer marketing, campaign analysis, CRM integration, search engine optimisation, and mobile marketing. Marketo works across a variety of digital channels, such as mobile devices, email, video, and search advertisements, among others.
- MATLAB MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a high-performance proprietary programming language, developed in order to carry out numerical calculations. It was created by Cleve Moler in 1984, and written in C, C++, and Java. MATLAB allows users to manipulate matrices, implement algorithms, and plot functions and data. It can also create user interfaces, and interface with programs written in other languages. It integrates computation, visualisation and programming, modeling, simulation, and prototyping features. Though MATLAB was primarily intended for numerical computing, it can also be used for symbolic computing.
- MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database and a JSON document datastore, allowing users to store and query JSON-style documents. It is written in C++ and was released in 2009. Though it does not possess the query power for analytical use, it is faster than traditional SQL databases when it comes to transactional stores. Its other advantages are that it works well in the cloud, and it is used by many companies worldwide. Because of this, it has the means to keep developing. Additionally, it is easy to get started with MongoDB due to the large quantity of available documentation.
- MySQL MySQL is an RDBMS (relational database management system). This open-source platform was created by a Swedish company called MySQL AB and later acquired by Oracle Corporation. MySQL has a wide range of uses, including data warehousing, e-commerce, and logging applications. SQL queries can be submitted to the MySQL database to store, retrieve, modify or delete data. It is known for its quick processing, proven reliability, ease and flexibility of use. Companies like Uber, Netflix, Twitter, Shopify, and Pinterest all use MySQL.
- NLP NLP refers to Natural Language Processing, and is at the intersection of computer science, information engineering, artificial intelligence, and linguistics. It constitutes an important branch of Machine Learning, and is the capacity of a machine to analyse and interpret natural human language. NLP involves areas such as speech recognition, natural language understanding, and natural language generation. It is used, for example, in Google Translate, chatbots, and even personal assistants such as Alexa and Siri. It can also be used to identify common terms that users search for, and therefore help improve advertisements.
- NoSQL NoSQL, originally meaning “not only SQL”, designates databases that have a different approach to data storage and retrieval than the traditional relational database management systems. Relational databases rely on tables, columns, rows, and schemas. In contrast, NoSQL databases rely on data models that are more flexible. Among these are key-value stores, document databases, wide-column stores and graph stores. Their data scheme is designed to perform faster and increase the volume of data treated. NoSQL databases are particularly useful for storing data that is not structured such as social media data. They can also be used for the storage of photos, articles, videos or content.
- Objective-C Objective-C is an object-oriented programming language, designed by Tom Love and Brad Cow in the early 1980s. It is a superset of C and was designed to add object-oriented programming features to C. This makes it possible to compile C programs with an Objective-C compiler. The distinguishing feature of Objective-C is that it is a compiled language with a dynamic runtime. It is used in Apple’s macOS and iOS and their respective application programming interfaces (APIs): Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. However, it can also be used to develop applications on Linux and Windows, among other systems.
- Perl Perl (not to be confused with PEARL) is a powerful and adaptable programming language, developed by Larry Wall in 1987. It is a general-purpose scripting language originally intended for text manipulation and simplifying report processing. However, it soon acquired other uses, including automating system administration, network programming, and even CGI programming on the web. Perl combines the best features of other programming languages, such as C, BASIC, sh, and more. Additionally, it is compatible with HTML, XML, and other mark-up languages. Because of its flexibility and power, but also its ugliness, it has been referred to as “the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages”.
- PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is an RDBMS (relational database management system) that is both free and open-source. It was created to allow users to design different workloads: from single machines to data warehouses or web services. When it was released in 1996, it was designed to run on UNIX-like platforms only. However, it can now run on Windows and macOS, among other systems. PostgreSQL has the following features: user-defined types, table inheritance, a sophisticated locking mechanism, multi-version concurrency control, and asynchronous replication. Additionally, it is designed to be extensible, so it is possible to develop custom plugins to meet your requirements.
- Power BI Power BI is a cloud-based business analytics service developed by Microsoft in 2011. It provides visualisations and business intelligence capabilities that allow (non-developer) users to create personalised reports and dashboards. It can aggregate, analyse, and visualise data from various sources. Data Analysts can use Power BI to share reports and analyses among different departments of their company. There are three different branches: Power BI Desktop, Power BI service, and Power BI mobile apps for iOS, Windows and Android devices. It is rather intuitive for users of Excel, and integrates well with other Microsoft products.
- Project Management Project management refers to the combination of practices that allows a team to achieve its goals and meet its success criteria. This includes initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team. Successful project management requires good knowledge of processes, skills, tools, and techniques. There are several common constraints in project management. These are related to the set budget, the project’s expected quality, its intended scope, and the time allowed. Some famous project management certifications are CompTIA Project+, Certified Associate in Project Management, and Project Management Professional (PMP).
- Ruby Yukihiro Matsumoto developed Ruby in the mid-1990s, blending together different elements of various other programming languages. It was designed specifically for the benefit of software developers and their productivity. Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, more object-oriented than Python, with practical utility like that of Perl, and blocks inspired by higher-order functions. It is a general-purpose programming language that was used to build big websites such as GitHub. It is mainly used for web applications, standard libraries, servers, and other system utilities. Its advantages are its time efficiency and its tools and libraries.
- Ruby on Rails Ruby on Rails (or Rails) is an open-source web application framework written on top of the programming language Ruby. It was designed by David Heinemeier Hansson with a focus on simplicity and ease of use, and is currently one of the most popular frameworks in use. Ruby on Rails is founded on two key principles: DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) and Convention Over Configuration. This allows code to be cleaner, less bug-prone, and easier to troubleshoot. Another benefit of Rails is that it has a large community and many libraries available for users to refer to. Many companies have started and/or continue to use Ruby on Rails, including Twitter, Shopify, Goodreads, GitHub, and BleacherReport.
- Salesforce Salesforce is an American company that produces various cloud-based software. In particular, it specialises in customer relationship management (CRM) and offers a CRM tool as one of its primary products. This tool, also called Salesforce, is a platform that allows companies to keep track of their business processes by managing contacts, creating workflows, and providing analytics about their customers, sales operations, and marketing activities. The main goal of Salesforce CRM is to help companies understand their customers. This, in turn, would allow them to acquire new ones and maintain their existing ones. It achieves this by tracking interactions with customers and monitoring sales activities.
- Sass Sass (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets) is a CSS preprocessor, meaning that it is a scripting language that extends CSS by compiling code into it. It is one of the most popular preprocessors currently in use. Sass provides a syntax that allows greater functionality and ease of use to CSS. In contrast to CSS, it is object-oriented and allows nesting, variables, and mixins. Additionally, it allows properties to be defined outside of Sass objects. All the formatting remains the same as in CSS. Therefore, it is easy to start using Sass as it can be learned very quickly.
- Scala Scala is a high-level programming language that combines object-oriented and functional programming, and is the most used language on the JVM (Java virtual machine). It was designed by Martin Odersky at the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and released in 2014. Scala runs on the Java platform and is compatible with other Java programs. An advantage of Scala is that it is very expressive, making it possible to write clean and concise code. Additionally, it is statically-typed but has great type inference, giving it a more dynamic feel. Finally, due to its popularity, it has many frameworks and a large and growing community.
- Scrum Master Scrum is an agile method in project management that provides a framework for team collaboration on complex products. Though it is used in many fields, it is implemented in particular during software development. It proposes a set of lightweight process frameworks that help companies be better organised in order to deliver software faster. In contrast to a project leader, the Scrum master is not responsible for the outcome of a project, but rather helps the team reach consensus regarding its targets and stay focused during the daily scrum. A Scrum master ensures the conditions for the team’s success.
- SEA SEA (also known as Search Engine Advertising, Search Advertising, Paid Search, etc) is an online marketing technique that is used to increase traffic to a website and improve its brand. It allows companies to feature their paid ads in various search engines’ results pages, including Google, Bing, and Yahoo. The ads appear when users search for specific keywords, and the advertisers pay a fee whenever their ad is clicked. As such, it is a significant source of income for search engines. In combination with the optimisation of text ads and offers, it can help advertisers achieve a good ranking on SERPs.
- SEMrush SEMrush is a SaaS (Software as a Service) company that sells subscriptions for software that provides marketing analytics. SEMrush was created by Oleg Shchegolev and Dimitry Melnikov in 2008. The information that SEMrush provides includes the rank of a company’s website on search engines in comparison to its competitors. It also makes it possible to compare different domain names in relation to a single keyword. SEMrush can be used to audit a website and obtain information such as the number of incoming and outcoming links. It is a powerful SEO tool that helps companies analyse the competition.
- Signal Processing Signal processing refers to a field in electrical engineering that analyses, modifies and synthesises signals such as sound and images. A digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into patterns of bits. Algorithms in mathematics and computational science are used to produce better quality signals. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the use of digital processing – for example, by a computer or specialised digital signal processors – to perform a variety of operations. DSP is utilised in domains such as the processing of speech, audio signal, and financial signals. The compression of speech is also one of the applications of DSP.
- Sketch Sketch is a vector graphics editor software for the macOS. It was developed by a Dutch company named Bohemian Coding in 2010. Sketch is mainly used to create wireframes, allowing users to design UI and UX for mobile or web. Designs created in Sketch can be used by app engineers to design mobile apps. There is a large ecosystem of plugins and templates is proposed in relation to the software. It is a strong competitor to Adobe’s Photoshop, particularly because of its ease of use. Sketch is, however, mainly intended for UI/UX, and therefore features fewer editing options.
- Social Media Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that allow users to create and share information via virtual communities and networks. This includes ideas, articles, career interests, opinions, and other forms of expression. In a nutshell, they allow people to share content quickly. There are different types of social media, sorted according to their uses: social networks (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn); media-sharing networks (Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube); discussion forums (Reddit, Quora); consumer review networks (Yelp, TripAdvisor); blogging and publishing networks (Tumblr, Medium); and content curation networks (Pinterest, Flipboard). These days, social media is frequently used for companies’ marketing needs.
- Spring Spring is a free and open-source Java framework. It can be used to build and define application infrastructure. Released in 2002, it was intended as a replacement for Enterprise JavaBeans. Spring made it easier to develop enterprise applications thanks to its aspect-oriented programming, POJO (Plain Old Java Object), and dependency injection techniques. It produces high performing, easily testable, and reusable code. As such, Spring is used by many developers worldwide. Another one of its benefits is its small size: the basic version takes up only 2MB.
- Symfony Symfony is an open-source PHP web application framework. It was heavily inspired by Spring, a Java framework and, like the latter, is also very popular among developers. Symfony was released in 2005 with the goal of making coding faster and easier. To this end, it proposes modular functionalities and adaptations that can facilitate and accelerate the development of complex web applications. The other advantages of Symfony are the following: greater flexibility, ease of use, a high level of customisation, easy testing and debugging. Additionally, it has a large online support community. Finally, it is sponsored by SensioLabs, ensuring its development and longevity.
- TensorFlow TensorFlow is an open-source artificial intelligence library used for research and development. It can be used for machine learning applications such as creating large-scale neural networks with many layers. The ecosystem is comprehensive and flexible; it is like a toolbox that allows users to solve complex mathematical problems easily. It also allows developers to use dataflow graphs to build models. This technology is used to classify, perceive, understand, discover, predict, and create. The platform was developed by Google with the C++ programming language in 2005.
- TypeScript TypeScript is an open-source programming language for large-scale JavaScript applications, developed at Microsoft by Anders Hejlsberg (who also designed C#). It is a superset of JavaScript, meaning that it features the same syntax and semantics of the language, and compiles into simple JavaScript code that can be run on any browser. TypeScript has the advantage of pointing out compilation errors during development. This is a great advantage for developers. Additionally, it is very portable, and supports strongly typed or static typing, in contrast to JavaScript.
- Unity Unity is a cross-platform game engine that was designed to facilitate game development, making it more accessible for developers. The technology was created in 2005 by David Helgason, Nicholas Francis and Joachim Ante in C++ and C#. Unity allows users to develop games in 2D and 3D on mobile, desktop and VR/AR consoles. Pokémon Go is one of the most famous games developed using the Unity engine. Unity is available for free, which also makes it an interesting option for independent game developers. Moreover, it is easy to learn, has great graphics support, and allows faster code execution.
- VB.NET VB.NET is the successor of BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) and was launched by Microsoft in 2001. VB.NET is a programming language specifically designed to be compatible with the new .NET framework. It is optimised for the rapid-application building of graphical user interface applications. Some of its advantages are that it is easy to learn, and features many short-cuts that further facilitate coding in this language. VB.NET is used to develop desktop applications for the Windows platform, and websites powered by ASP.NET.
- VMware VMWare is a company the provides a variety of cloud computing and virtualization software and services. Its first product, released in 1999, was VMWare Workstation. This allows users to set up virtual machines on a physical machine, and use them both simultaneously. VMWare also proposes networking and management tools, software-defined data software and storage software. Another one of VMWare’s products is vRealize Suite: a cloud management platform that enables developers to create applications in different public clouds. VMWare software runs on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
- Vue.js Vue.js (often referred to simply as “vue”) is a front-end open-source JavaScript framework, developed in 2014 by Evan You. Among its advantages are its very small size, ease of understanding, simple integration into JavaScript applications, and detailed documentation. It focuses on the rendering (“view”) layer. Therefore, it is very adapted for building web interfaces. However, Vue.js can also be used to power single-page applications when combined with appropriate tooling and supporting libraries. Because of its ease of use, it is implemented in web development worldwide.
- Web Design Web design includes many different areas, such as a website’s graphic design, interface design, and interactional architecture. UX design and search engine optimisation are also taken into account during the web design process. Essentially, website design takes into account how a website looks and how it works. The design of a site is initially presented in the form of a functional model with technical specifications. This can include ergonomics, graphic charter, visual identity, marketing, interactivity. Website design used to mainly refer to creating websites for desktop browsers. In recent years, however, the importance of designs for mobile and tablet browsers has moved to the forefront.
- Wireframes Website wireframes are designs used during the conception of a user interface. Having a wireframe is essential for predicting what your UI will look like for your end-user. Wireframes are used in the first stages of the development process in order to prepare the basic structure of a page. Once this is ready, the visual content and the text can be added. As such, the wireframe usually does not indicate typographic styling, color, or graphics. Rather, it focuses on the functionality, behaviour, and prioritisation of content. Some of the best wireframing tools are the following: Cacoo, Omnigraffle, Axure.
- WordPress WordPress is an online, open-source website creation tool based on MySQL and PHP. It is normally used with MariaDB or MySQL database servers. It is the most popular open-source CMS (Content Management System), used in 73 million websites worldwide. WordPress is free to install, deploy, and upgrade. Thousands of plugins and templates power its malleable and simple interface, which decreases costs and deployment time. WordPress allows users to create posts and pages, format them easily, insert media, and publish them with the click of a button.
- XML XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language used to describe and structure data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that ensures their readability for both humans and machines. Because it is self-descriptive, containing both the data and its structure, XML is used to store and transport data. In contrast, HTML is used to format and display data. Another difference between XML and HTML is that the former does not have predefined tags, while the latter does. The great advantage of XML is its simplicity and the fact that it structures large chunks of information.
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